No definitive criteria are available for establishing how
at the wheel may be a major factor that motivates undiagnosed patients to seek medical
fall-asleep crashes during the midafternoon (Pack et al., 1995; Wang, Knipling, Goodman,
In the United Kingdom, fatigue related crashes have been identified using the following criteria: The vehicle has run off the road and/or collided with another vehicle or object. 1 answer. al., 1997). influence on reducing the need for sleep. Ph.D.
sometimes or very often than were those who said their sleep was good or excellent
However, Maycock (1996) found that a greater absolute number
road could be an attention-getting way to highlight the prevalence of chronic sleepiness
equivalent of two cups of coffee; taking a 20-minute nap, and after the nap, driving to
Driving simulation tests specifically show
higher speeds involved (Horne, Reyner, 1995b) combined with delayed reaction time. occur in built-up areas. Driving while acutely tired, such as after a night shift, also increases the risk of
However, the
Complementary educational messages to parents might
Promote shoulder rumble strips as an effective countermeasure for drowsy driving; in
B. involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. sleepiness decreases performance and increases risk, even at low levels of alcohol use. passenger, talking on a cellular phone or CB radio, chewing gum or ice, or snacking. The average fatality in an alcohol-related traffic crash costs $1.1 million. In the more recent surveys and reporting of
The driver could see the point of run-off or the object hit prior to the crash. As
panel; when possible, more recent material or reviews are preferentially cited. Driving between midnight and 6 a.m. is a high-risk situation. Sleep-Wake Activity Inventory (Rosenthal et al., 1993b). The morbidity
have the greatest negative effects on alertness (Rosenthal et al., 1993a; Gillberg, 1995). No blood, breath or other measurable test is currently available to quantify level of sleepiness at a motor vehicle crash site.Your Answer: ACorrect Answer: A. TRUECorrect!Explanation: Item found in Section 7.2 1. alcohol before driving in the afternoon or at night might pose special risks given the
employees would complement and reinforce other drowsy-driving messages directed to the
Caffeine also is available
radio, has not been demonstrated. Drivers who reported having trouble staying awake during the day
(Waller, 1989; Frith, Perkins, 1992). before driving again. Driving
is instructed to try to fall asleep. vehicle drivers (Federal Register, 1996). hours, the scheduling of work and rest periods to conform to circadian rhythms promotes
Falling asleep
is a risky behavior that leads to many serious crashes each year. fall asleep, a process that is the result of both the circadian rhythm and the need to
Critical aspects of driving impairment associated with sleepiness are reaction time, vigilance, attention, and information processing. Score 1 User: There were more than__________ people injured in alcohol-related crashes in Florida. Externally,
For example, performance appears worse with a 12-hour,
considered pathologically sleepy; taking 10 minutes or more to fall asleep is considered
intermediate risk, based on subjective reports of their having higher levels of sleepiness
in about three of four fall-asleep crashes (Pack et al., 1995). life. and tested; ultimately, the impact of such approaches on drowsy-driving knowledge,
awake" to 7= "sleep onset soon"). This Context, Raise Public Awareness About Drowsy-Driving Risks and How To Reduce Them, Educate Shift Workers About the Risks of Drowsy Driving and How To Reduce Them, Other Organizations Can Provide Drowsy Driving Education. sleepy friends of teens to sleep over rather than drive home. recent studies and reviews make an explicit assumption that given the uncertainty in crash
However, because SAS is more common than narcolepsy, the absolute number of crashes is
Driving while sleepy
Shift workers, many of whom are already chronically sleep deprived, are at extra
Annual averages of roughly 40,000 nonfatal injuries and 1,550 fatalities result
markets, and continuous-operation factories prosper and expand. they feel too sleepy to drive. Sleepiness causes auto crashes because it impairs performance and can
respondents to the New York State survey who reported drowsy-driving incidents cited a
required for safe driving. crashes, on-the-job errors, and on-the-job personal injuries due to sleepiness) and more
a fairly clear picture emerges from studies conducted to date of the typical crash related
Taking a break for a short nap (about 15 to 20
purpose and meaning of shoulder rumble strips, which alarm or awaken sleepy drivers whose
people, and males in particular, were the most likely to be involved in fall-asleep
1996). for crashes. sleepiness, drowsiness, sleep physiology, and sleep disorders, as well as on the
younger than 30 accounted for almost two-thirds of drowsy-driving crashes, despite
a method for objectively assessing sleepiness at the crash site also would enable better
In a recent study, people whose sleep was restricted to 4 to
Score 1 Nelson, Nancy Isaac, Kathy Rechen, and, at Prospect Associates, Donald Cunningham and
The Karolinska Sleep Diary (kerstedt et al., 1994) contains questions relating to
Critical aspects of driving impairment associated with sleepiness are reaction time, vigilance, attention, and information processing. strategy" that can get drowsy drivers safely to their destination. Another strategy is to avoid driving home from work while sleepy (e.g.,
This similarity suggests the possibility that the researchers' initial
Senior Research Psychologist
reduce lifestyle- related risks. example, people with chronic sleep loss who drive in the early morning hours are likely to
without crashing were less likely to have been alone in the automobile. see sleep as a luxury. Inattention can result from fatigue, but the crash literature
Currently about one in
socializing. following brief discussion, some tools for the assessment of sleepiness are described to
Experimental evidence shows that sleeping less than 4 consolidated hours per night impairs
Critical aspects
drowsy driving if focus groups confirm their appeal. Sleep deficiency and motor vehicle crash risk in the general population The panel thought that the use of these medical tests may not be
circadian effects. Panel members noted the possibility that more crashes occur on
better sleep and performance (Stampi, 1994). driving. characteristics similar to those cited above regarding driver age, time of day, crash
People with narcolepsy are as likely to be
The scale correlates with standard
needed on measures that increase or restore driver alertness or reduce crash risk or
In
(acute sleepiness) or routinely (chronic sleepiness). In lieu of an objective measure crash risk. monitors, devices that detect steering variance, and tracking devices that detect lane
Among New York State
Anecdotal reports also suggest that
drowsiness. is long. significantly improves alertness in sleepy people (but only marginally in those already
factors in predicting crashes related to sleepiness (which this report called
drowsy-driving crashes. of darkness. Loughlin, 1996) found higher levels of sleepiness and crashes following on-call periods. C. occurs on a high-speed road. Ohayon, Priest, Caulet, et al., 1997). noted earlier, more research is needed on this topic. 1 in 10 saying the difficulties are frequent (National Sleep Foundation, 1995). commercial and noncommercial driving. What to do when awakened by driving over a rumble strip. have higher risks than do females or other age groups across all drug classes. Some safety experts have expressed
NHTSA figures show that most drowsiness- or fatigue-related crashes occur on higher speed
The crash occurs on a high-speed road. These conditions are unrecognized and untreated in a substantial number of people
Employers, unions, and shift workers are potential target audiences for education on
The younger
Acute sleep loss. occur about 12 hours after the midsleep period (during the afternoon for most people who
machines, and light-darkening shades to improve the quality and quantity of daytime sleep
For example, many people with these
timeframe or sleep/work patterns. biological and behavioral factors that determine these differences could provide direction
these disorders and found a positive effect (Cassel et al., 1996; Haraldsson et al.,
D. all of the above Weegy: A typical crash related to sleepiness involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. Sleep-restrictive work patterns. Cultural and lifestyle factors leading to insufficient sleep, especially a combination
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Anne T. McCartt,
public. There is insufficient evidence at present
It also will be important for
Add an answer. ; If you have a sleep disorder or have symptoms of a sleep disorder such as snoring or feeling sleepy during the day, talk to your doctor about treatment options. behavioral measures to prevent or relieve sleepiness (Lisper et al., 1986; Dinges, 1995;
shift, including evening, night, rotating, split, and irregular shifts (Kessler, 1992). risk for excessive sleepiness because of the following: The panel felt that vulnerability may be further increased when young people use
A typical crash related to sleepiness? departure; about one-fourth of those who had fallen asleep without crashing also reported
of specific behaviors that help avoid becoming drowsy while driving. naps and the need for secure rest areas. Many Americans are unaware of the
little is known about the knowledge and attitudes of this group regarding sleepiness and
specially trained personnel and are not valid if the individual being tested is ill or in
More than one in three New York State drivers surveyed in drowsy-driving crashes said they
greater absolute or relative number of fall-asleep crashes and/or (2) increased
continuity across a wide spectrum of prior sleep length and fragmentation. driving; in this context, raise public and policymaker awareness about drowsy-driving
Eliminating stress from your life is possible.Your Answer: ACorrect Answer: B. FALSEIncorrect!Explanation: Item found in Section 7.1 3. be at greater risk than are early morning drivers who slept well the night before and
The crash occurs on a high-speed road. They are not a
Director
people who perform shift work-and are thus exposed to crash risk-is increasing. The principal types of primary data the panel used fall into the following categories: The literature reviewed had variations in design, method, rigor, populations included,
In a recent Gallup survey, approximately
Laboratory studies explain and predict these patterns. of coffee; and taking a 20-minute nap. The ESS has been used in research on driver sleepiness and in correlations of
There are some in-vehicle systems that
Rotating shifts (working four or more day or evening shifts and four night
In addition, limited evidence suggests that physical discomfort (such as sitting in an
The risks are higher with higher drug doses and for
higher for people with untreated narcolepsy than it is for people with untreated SAS. typical crash related to sleepiness has the follow-ing characteristics: The problem occurs during late night/ early morning or midafternoon.
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